2.3 Skin and Implantation

Beryllium and its compounds can cause a variety of skin problems depending on the chemical form of beryllium and the type of exposure, as follows:

* Irritant dermatitis--Caused by contact with a soluble compound. Symptoms are inflammation, local edema (i.e., accumulation of excessive amounts of fluids), and transudation of serum (i.e., passage of serum through the skin).

* Allergic contact dermatitis--May occur within 6-15 days of exposure to dust, fumes, or mist. Symptoms include erythema (i.e., inflammatory redness) and varying degrees of edema; lesions may be present.

* Chemical ulcer or ulcerating granuloma--A persistent lesion that results from implantation of a beryllium crystal or metal under the skin. The lesion will not heal until the foreign body (i.e., beryllium) is removed.

A very small number of CBD cases have resulted from skin implantation; the typical effects are those noted above.

2.4 Cancer

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and the International Agency for Research on Cancer classify beryllium and its compounds as confirmed human carcinogens (classifications A1 and Group 1, respectively). These determinations are based on animal studies in which cancers were induced in laboratory animals dosed with beryllium and on human epidemiological studies of workers in beryllium plants that showed a slight increase in lung cancer incidence.

3.0 Controls

All beryllium work shall be controlled to minimize the number of workers and visitors exposed or potentially exposed and the opportunities for exposure. When beryllium needs to be used for an operation, controls shall be implemented in the following order of priority:

* Engineering controls.

* Administrative controls.

* PPE.

3.1 Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program

LLNL's written program to implement the CBDPP [i.e., LLNL Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program (UCRL-AR-144636, Rev. 1.1)], required by 10 CFR 850, has been approved by DOE Oakland. Specific actions are required by the following other ES