Brush Wellman said workers might not want to be screened because a positive test has negative side effects. Workers who test positive have "perceived decreased health and reduction in work/employment options with potentially adverse social and economic consequences." The company does not reassign workers who test positive to prevent further exposure to beryllium because "There are no studies that suggest that individuals who have tested positive for beryllium sensitization are impacted by additional workplace exposure."

While the Department of Energy offers free screenings for any employee or contractor who worked at its facilities that processed beryllium, workers in the private sector may have to fend for themselves. A class-action lawsuit against Brush Wellman requests that the company pay for the blood tests for up to 7,000 contractors who worked at the company's Elmore, Ohio, facility from 1953 to 1999.

Attorney Andrew Lipton, who represents the plaintiffs -- who include iron workers, construction workers and pipe fitters -- said, "The workers had no idea of their risk." He added they are seeking free screening and medical monitoring. Lipton said the complaint does not ask for punitive damages; the workers only want to know if they have developed sensitivity to beryllium that could affect them later on.

The workers' original claim was denied and is currently being reviewed by the Supreme Court of Ohio.

Thus far, 135 workers' compensation claims have been paid to people who contracted beryllium-related illnesses while working at Brush Wellman, according to Emily Hicks, a spokeswoman for the Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation. Hicks said the number of former Brush Wellman workers with the disease may actually be higher because the company became self-insured in 1996, so it no longer has to file claims through the state agency.

Lawsuits against beryllium-processing companies have been filed in other states including Arizona, Pennsylvania and Tennessee.

These suits may only be the tip of the iceberg, according to NIOSH's Hoover, who compared the rise in claims to the flurry of asbestos lawsuits during the past few decades. "Because beryllium is widely used in many industries, such as aerospace and electronics, it is likely that there are cases that have not yet been discovered. It's important that general awareness be increased, and that exposure-control practices be understood and strictly adhered to," Hoover said.

OSHA is currently re-evaluating its beryllium safety regulations. The agency issued a public request for information about beryllium risks in November 2002, but has yet to take action on the feedback it has collected.

The Department of Energy is funding research into new technology for detecting beryllium in the workplace. The agency contracted with scientific equipment company Apogen to develop portable machines that can analyze air quality in close to real time.

According to Tom McKendrick, senior scientist at Apogen, beryllium monitoring ordinarily requires collecting an air sample on a filter, and then sending it to a lab for analysis. The Apogen system allows air-quality problems to be identified almost immediately so changes can be made quickly, he said. "They (DOE) know they have a problem that they have to address," McKendrick said.

Apogen has developed two prototype Spark I.D. Beryllium Monitor machines for the DOE, but McKendrick is not sure if they will ever be sold commercially. "It's not a large market, because industry is not aware of the risk (of beryllium exposure)."

In March 2005, Biophage's Mandeville and researchers from around the world will gather to share the latest prevention and treatment techniques at the first International Beryllium Research Conference in Montreal. The United States is the world's leading producer of beryllium at 100 metric tons, followed by Russia and China, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (PDF).

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Goals

1.2 Applicability

2.0 Hazards

2.1 Acute Beryllium Disease

2.2 Beryllium Sensitization and Chronic Beryllium Disease

2.3 Skin and Implantation

2.4 Cancer

3.0 Controls

3.1 Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program

3.1.1 DOE/NNSA Review of Beryllium Work Out of the Scope of the CBDPP

3.2 Exposure Reduction and Minimization Program

3.3 Standards

3.4 Engineering Controls

3.4.1 Exhaust Ventilation

3.4.2 HEPA Filtration

3.5 Administrative Controls

3.5.1 Population at Risk

3.5.2 Visitors and Other Ancillary Personnel

3.5.3 Hazard Assessments

3.5.4 Beryllium Inventories

3.5.5 Exposure Monitoring

3.5.6 Safety Documents

3.5.7 Beryllium Work Areas and Regulated Beryllium Work Areas

3.5.8 Labeling and Posting

3.5.9 Training

3.5.10 Medical Surveillance

3.5.11 Beryllium Registry

3.6 Personal Protective Equipment

3.6.1 Respiratory Protection

3.6.2 Other Personal Protective Equipment

3.7 Facilities and Equipment

3.8 Housekeeping

3.9 Shipment and Receipt of Potentially Beryllium-contaminated Items

3.10 Storage

3.11 Waste

3.11.1 Waste Handling

3.11.2 Wastewater Discharges

3.11.3 Waste Minimization

3.12 Emergency Response

3.13 Decontamination for Reuse, Disposal, or Excess

3.13.1 Equipment

3.13.2 Facilities

3.14 Beryllium Article Exemption

4.0 Responsibilities

4.1 Workers

4.2 Responsible Individuals and Work Supervisors

4.3 Payroll Supervisors

4.4 Hazards Control Department

4.5 Health Services Department

4.6 Environmental Protection Department

4.7 Materials Management Section

4.8 Technical Release Representatives and Other Personnel Who Purchase Beryllium

4.9 Facility Managers

4.10 Human Resources Department

5.0 Work Smart Standards

6.0 Resources for More Information

6.1 Contacts

6.2 Applicable Lessons Learned

6.3 Other Sources

Appendices

Appendix A Acronyms, Terms, and Definitions

Appendix B Medical Protection Requirements for Current and Prospective Beryllium Workers

Appendix C Statistical Analysis of Beryllium Data

Tables

Table 1. Beryllium concentrations in soils.

Table 2. Occupational exposure, housekeeping, and release standards.

Table 3. Required training.