R.H. Schumm, D.D. Wagman, S. Bailey, W.H. Evans, and V.B. Parker in National Bureau of Standards (USA) Technical Notes 270-1 to 270-8, 1973.

J.D. Cox, DD., Wagman, and V.A. Medvedev, CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, USA, 1989.

NMR Properties of beryllium

Common reference compound: BeSO4/D2O, 0.43 mol kg-1.

Isotope 1 Isotope 2 Isotope 3
Isotope 9Be
Natural abundance /% 100

Spin (I) 3/2
Frequency relative to 1H = 100 (MHz) 14.051813
Receptivity, DP, relative to 1H = 1.00 0.0139
Receptivity, DC, relative to 13C = 1.00 81.5

Magnetogyric ratio, γ (107 rad T-1 s-1) -3.759666

Magnetic moment, μ (μN) -1.520136

Nuclear quadrupole moment, Q/millibarn 52.88(38)
Line width factor, 1056l (m4) 37

Beryllium: uses

The following uses for beryllium are gathered from a number of sources as well as from anecdotal comments.

X-ray windows (berllium transmits X-rays 17 times better than aluminium

as a 2% alloy with nickel for springs, electrodes and nonsparking tools

berllium (2%) alloyed with copper gives a hard strong alloy with high resistance to wear used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments (desirable lightness, stiffness)

alloys are used as a structural material for high performance aircraft, missiles, spacecraft (such as the USA space shuttle), and communication satellites.

ceramics

as a moderator in nuclear reactions since it is a highly effective moderator and reflector for neutrons

the oxide is used in the nuclear industry

Beryllium: geological information

Beryllium is found in a number of minerals.

The most important minerals are beryl, [Be3Al2(SiO3)6], which is often found as hexagonal prisms, and bertrandite [4BeO.2SiO2.H2O]. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl.

Abundances of beryllium in various environments

Abundances for beryllium in a number of different environments. Use the links in the location column for definitions, literature sources, and visual representations in many different styles (one of which is shown below)

Location ppb by weight ppb by atoms

Universe 1 0.1

Sun 0.1 0.01

Meteorite (carbonaceous) 30 70

Crustal rocks 1900 4300

Sea water 0.0006 0.00041

Sea water 0.0006 0.00041
Stream 0.1 0.01
Human 0.4 0.3

The electron affinity of beryllium is 0 kJ mol-1.

Ionisation Energies

This section includes ionisation energies of beryllium.

Ionisation energy number Enthalpy /kJ mol-1

1st 899.5
2nd 1757.1
3rd 14848.7
4th 21006.6

Electronic configuration

.

The following represents the electronic configuration and its associated term symbol for the ground state neutral gaseous atom. The configuration associated with beryllium in its compounds is not necessarily the same.

Ground state electron configuration: [He].2s2
Shell structure: 2.2
Term symbol: 1S0

Melting point: 1560 [or 1287 °C (2349 °F)] K

Boiling point: 2742 [or 2469 °C (4476 °F)] K

Liquid range: 1182 K

Critical temperature: no data K

Superconduction temperature: 0.026 [or -273.124 °C (-459.62 °F)] K

Expansion and conduction properties

Thermal conductivity: 190 W m-1 K-1

[[]]]

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 11.3 x 10-6 K-1

Bulk properties

Density of solid: 1848 kg m-3

Molar volume: 4.85 cm3

velocity of sound: 13000 m s-1

Elastic properties

Young's modulus: 287 GPa

Rigidity modulus: 132 GPa

Bulk modulus: 130 GPa

Poisson's ratio: 0.032 (no units)

Hardnesses

Mineral hardness: 5.5 (no units)

Brinell hardness: 600 MN m-2

Vickers hardness: 1670 MN m-2

Electrical properties

Electrical resistivity: 3.8 10-8 Ω m; or mΩ cm

Optical properties

Reflectivity: no data %
Refractive index: no data (no units)

frequencies; isotopes; magnetogyric ratios; quadrupole moments; receptivities; and relative sensitivities

Beryllium: orbital properties

Table: valence shell orbital radii for beryllium.
Orbital Radius [/pm] Radius [/AU]

s orbital 108.5 2.05099

p orbital no data no data

d orbital no data no data
f orbital no data no data

References

The Rmax values for neutral gaseous element valence orbitals are abstracted from reference 1.

J.B. Mann, Atomic Structure Calculations II. Hartree-Fock wave functions and radial expectation values: hydrogen to lawrencium, LA-3691, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, USA, 1968.

Effective Nuclear Charges

..........

Table: effective nuclear charges for beryllium

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

1s 3.68

2s 1.91 2p no data

3s no data 3p no data 3d no data
4s no data 4p no data 4d no data 4f no data
5s no data 5p no data 5d no data
6s no data 6p no data

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.