Baryllium

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The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have determined that beryllium is a human carcinogen.

The EPA has determined that beryllium is a probable human carcinogen. EPA has estimated that lifetime exposure to 0.04 microgram/m3 of airborne beryllium can result in a one in a thousand chance of developing cancer.

The EPA limit for beryllium that industries may release into the air is 0.01 micrograms/m3, averaged over a 30-day period.

OSHA's limit is 2 micrograms/m3 in workroom air for an 8-hour work shift.

EPA's limit for drinking water is 0.004 mg/l.

Ingestion of beryllium is thought to present a low risk of toxicity, because it is not very easily absorbed by the stomach and intestines. However, dogs fed a diet containing beryllium developed ulcers. It is still not recommended to taste beryllium or its compounds. Ambient air levels of beryllium are normally very low, from 0.00003-0.0002 micrograms/m3.

Widely found in products used throughout society, beryllium improves the way we live and work. A naturally occurring element, beryllium is one-third lighter than aluminum, yet has six times the specific stiffness of steel. Beryllium is the fourth element on the Periodic Table with the symbol “Be”.

While it is still unknown to many, this amazing, almost magical metal imparts remarkable physical and performance qualities to its end-use products making for a better, more connected and safer world.

The three primary forms of beryllium produced are: pure beryllium metal, alloys containing small amounts of beryllium and beryllia ceramics.

Only the United States, China and Kazakhstan process commercial quantities of beryllium from ore into pure beryllium metal or other beryllium-containing materials. Currently, the only fully integrated producer (from mine to mill fabrication), Brush Wellman Inc., is located in the U.S.

The unique properties of this lightweight metal make it a critical enabler of modern technologies extensively used throughout aerospace, defense, telecommunications and computer, energy exploration, medical diagnostic and other advanced applications.

When compared to the ancient histories of metals such as gold, copper and lead, beryllium is a relative newcomer. Though beryllium was discovered in the late 18th century, its unique properties and commercial value were not recognized until the 1920s.

Forms of Beryllium

The three primary forms of beryllium produced are beryllium-containing alloys, pure beryllium metal and beryllia ceramics, also known as beryllium oxide ceramic.

Beryllium-containing Alloys

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Beryllium

Beryllium ( /bəˈrɪliəm/ bə-RIL-ee-əm) is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4

A divalent element, beryllium is found naturally only combined with other elements in minerals.

Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl. The free element is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight brittle alkaline earth metal.

It is primarily used as a hardening agent in alloys, notably beryllium copper. Structurally, beryllium's very low density (1.85 times that of water), high melting point (1287 °C), high temperature stability and low coefficient of thermal expansion, make it in many ways an ideal aerospace material, and it has been used in rocket nozzles and is a significant component of planned space telescopes. Because of its relatively high transparency to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation, beryllium also has a number of uses as filters and windows for radiation and particle physics experiments.

Commercial use of beryllium metal presents technical challenges due to the toxicity (especially by inhalation) of beryllium-containing dusts. Beryllium produces a direct corrosive effect to tissue, and can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease called berylliosis in susceptible persons.

Beryllium has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. It has exceptional flexural rigidity (Young's modulus 287 GPa). The modulus of elasticity of beryllium is approximately 50% greater than that of steel. The combination of this modulus plus beryllium's relatively low density gives it an unusually fast sound conduction speed at standard conditions (about 12.9 km/s). Other significant properties are the high values for specific heat (1925 J·kg−1·K−1) and thermal conductivity (216 W·m−1·K−1), which make beryllium the metal with the best heat dissipation characteristics per unit weight. In combination with the relatively low coefficient of linear thermal expansion (11.4 × 10−6 K−1), these characteristics mean that beryllium demonstrates a unique degree of dimensional stability under conditions of thermal loading.[5]

The beryllium concentration of the Earth's surface rocks is ca. 4–6 ppm. Beryllium is a constituent of about 100 out of about 4000 known minerals, the most important of which are bertrandite (Be4Si2O7(OH)2), beryl (Al2Be3Si6O18), chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4) and phenakite (Be2SiO4). Precious forms of beryl are aquamarine, bixbite and emerald.[5][15][16

SYMBOL
Be

ATOMIC NUMBER
4

ATOMIC MASS
9.012182

FAMILY
Group 2 (IIA)
Alkaline earth metal

PRONUNCIATION
buh-RIL-Lee-um

Discovery and naming

A common compound of beryllium, beryl, was known in ancient Egypt, but nothing was known about the chemical composition of this mineral until the end of the eighteenth century.

In 1797, French mineralogist René-Just Haüy (1743-1822) completed studies on beryl and emerald.

Emerald is a naturally occurring green gemstone. Haüy was convinced that these two minerals were nearly identical.

He asked a friend, Vauquelin, to determine the chemical composition of the two minerals.

When Vauquelin performed his chemical analysis, he found a new material that had been overlooked because it is so much like aluminum. His data proved that the material was not aluminum. He suggested calling the new element glucinium. Scientists referred to the element by two different names, beryllium and glucinium, for 160 years. The name beryllium comes from the mineral, beryl, in which it was first discovered.

Beryllium never occurs as a free element, only as a compound. The most common ore of beryllium is beryl. Beryl has the chemical formula Be 3 (Al 2 (SiO 3 )) 6 .

The original name of beryllium—glucinium—meant "sweet tasting," since the element and some of its compounds have a sweet taste.

The major beryl producer in the world is the United States. The only mine currently producing beryl is in Delta, Utah. Beryl is also converted to beryllium and its compounds in plants in Delta; Elmore, Ohio; and near Reading, Pennsylvania. Beryl is also obtained from mines in China, Russia, and Brazil.

Beryllium is relatively common in the Earth's crust. Its abundance is estimated at 2 to 10 parts per million.

Extraction

Beryllium ores are first converted to beryllium oxide (BeO) or beryllium hydroxide (Be(OH) 2 ). These compounds are then converted to beryllium chloride (BeCl 2 ) or beryllium fluoride (BeF 2 ). Finally, the pure metal is isolated by: (1) an electric current:

or, (2) reaction with magnesium metal at high temperature:
Uses

By far the greatest use of beryllium metal is in alloys. Beryllium alloys are popular because they are tough, stiff, and lighter than similar alloys. For example, a new alloy of beryllium and aluminum called Beralcast was released in 1996. Beralcast is 3 times as stiff and 25 percent lighter

Helicopters will be using a new alloy of beryllium and aluminum, called Beralcast, that is 3 times as stiff and 25 percent lighter than pure aluminum.
than pure aluminum. The maker of Beralcast expects sales of $20 million from its use in helicopters and satellite guidance systems.
The most popular alloys of beryllium at the present time are those with copper metal. Copper-beryllium alloys contain about 2 percent beryllium. They conduct heat and electricity almost as well as pure copper but are stronger, harder, and more resistant to fatigue (wearing out) and corrosion (rusting). These alloys are used in circuit boards, radar, computers, home appliances, aerospace applications, automatic systems in factories, automobiles, aircraft landing systems, oil and gas drilling equipment, and heavy machinery.

Fifteen percent of the beryllium used in the United States is in the form of beryllium oxide (BeO). It is a white powder that can be made into many different shapes. It is desirable as an electrical insulator because it conducts heat well, but an electrical current poorly. It is used in high-speed computers, auto ignition systems, lasers, microwave ovens, and systems designed to hide from radar signals.

Health effects

Beryllium is a very toxic metal. It is especially dangerous in powder form. The effects of inhaling beryllium powder can be acute or chronic. Acute effects are those that occur very quickly as the result of large exposures. Chronic effects are those that occur over very long periods of time as the result of much smaller exposures. Acute effects of inhaling beryllium powder include pneumonia-like symptoms that can result in death in a short time. Chronic effects include diseases of the respiratory system (throat and lungs), such as bronchitis and lung cancer.

Atomic Number: 4

Atomic Symbol: Be

Atomic Weight: 9.01218

Electron Configuration: [He]2s2

Total Isotopes 15

History

(Gr. beryllos, beryl; also called Glucinium or Glucinum, Gr. glykys, sweet) Discovered as the oxide by Vauquelin in beryl and in emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride.

Sources

Beryllium is found in some 30 mineral species, the most important of which are bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenacite. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl. Beryl and bertrandite are the most important commercial sources of the element and its compounds. Most of the metal is now prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium metal did not become readily available to industry until 1957.

Properties

The metal, steel gray in color, has many desirable properties. As one of the lightest of all metals, it has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the amount of about 30 neutrons/million alpha particles.

At ordinary temperatures, beryllium resists oxidation in air, although its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide.

Uses

Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper, which is extensively used for springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes, and non-sparking tools. It is applied as a structural material for high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and communication satellites. Other uses include windshield frame, brake discs, support beams, and other structural components of the space shuttle.

Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for reproduction of micro-miniature integrated circuits.

Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator for it has a low thermal neutron absorption cross section.

It is used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments where lightness, stiffness, and dimensional stability are required. The oxide has a very high melting point and is also used in nuclear work and ceramic applications.

Handling

Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care. Beryllium and its compounds should not be tasted to verify the sweetish nature of beryllium (as did early experimenters). The metal, its alloys, and its salts can be handled if certain work codes are observed, but no attempt should be made to work with beryllium before becoming familiar with proper safeguards.

Symbol: Be

Atomic Mass: 9.012

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Atomic Number: 4

# of Protons:4

# of Electrons:4

# of Neutrons:5

Melting Point: 1560 K (1287°C or 2349°F)

Boiling Point: 2744 K (2471°C or 4480°F)

Electronegativity: 1.57 (Pauling); 1.47 (Allrod Rochow)
Density: 1.85 grams per cubic centimeter

Group number: 2
Group name: Alkaline earth metal

Period number: 2 fuck you all im coming to your houses to kill you Block: s-block

The name beryllium comes from the Greek beryllos, beryl, from Prakrit veruliya, from Pāli veuriya; possibly from or simply akin to a Dravidian source represented by Tamil veiruor, viar, "to whiten, become pale."[1] At one time beryllium was referred to as glucinium (from Greek glykys, sweet), due to the sweet taste of its salts. This element was discovered by Louis Vauquelin in 1798 as the oxide in beryl and in emeralds. Friedrich Wöhler and A. A. Bussy independently isolated the metal in 1828 by reacting potassium and beryllium chloride.

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Dangers of Beryllium