June 13
1373. The Anglo-Portugese Alliance between England (later succeded by the United Kingdom, and Portugal, goes into effect. It is the oldest known alliance still in effect.
1525. Martin Luther marries, in violation of Church celibacy rules.
1777. The Marquis de Lafayette, of France, lands to help Continental forces. He will prove instrumental in assisting the revolutionary movement.
1934. Hitler and Moussolini meet for the first time, in Venice, Italy. Il Duce is dressed in a military uniform and, underestimating Hitler as so many had, and would, treats him pompously. He very much viewed himself as the senior memory of the nationalist socialism, having already led Italy for over a decade, compared to Hitler's few months, at the time of the meeting. Hitler, having been given bad instructions by his ambassador, is wearing civilian dress and looks and feels out of place. Moussolini later refers to Hitler as a "silly little monkey".
1942. The US establishes the Office of Strategic Services, the progenitor of the CIA.
1944. The first V-1 "flying bombs" are launched by the Nazis at London. Only 4 of 12 reach their target. Later, over 100 rockets a day will be launched. The terror and resultant Allied strategic focus on their removal are utterly disproportionate to the threat posed by them.
1966. The Supreme Court hands down its ruling in Miranda v. Arizona, establishing "Miranda Rights."
1971. The New York Times begins publication of the Pentagon Papers.